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TOEFL IELTS BNC: 3095 COCA: 3580

bitter

adjective
 
/ˈbɪtə(r)/
/ˈbɪtər/
more bitter and most bitter are the usual comparative and superlative forms, but bitterest can also be used.Idioms
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  1.  
     (of food, etc.食物等) having a strong, unpleasant taste; not sweet味苦的
    • Black coffee leaves a bitter taste in the mouth.不加牛奶的咖啡在嘴里留下苦味。
    Synonyms bitterbitter
    • pungent
    • sour
    • acrid
    • sharp
    • acid
    These words all describe a strong, unpleasant taste or smell.
    • bitter (of a taste or smell) strong and usually unpleasant; (of food or drink) having a bitter taste.指（味道或气味）强烈的、令人不适的，（食物或饮料）味苦的
    • pungent (of a smell or taste) strong and usually unpleasant; (of food or smoke) having a pungent smell or taste:
      • the pungent smell of burning rubber烧橡胶的刺鼻气味
    • sour (of a taste) bitter like the taste of a lemon or of fruit that is not ready to eat; (of food or drink) having a sour taste:
      • Too much pulp produces a sour wine.过多的果肉会让酒变酸。
    • acrid (of a smell or taste) strong and unpleasant; (of smoke) having an acrid smell:
      • acrid smoke from burning tyres燃烧轮胎产生的熏烟
    • sharp (of a taste or smell) strong and slightly bitter; (of food or drink) having a sharp taste:
      • The cheese has a distinctively sharp taste.这奶酪味道很冲。
    • acid (of a taste or smell) bitter, like the taste of a lemon or of fruit that is not ready to eat; (of food or drink) having an acid taste.
    which word?A bitter taste is usually unpleasant, but some people enjoy the bitter taste of coffee or chocolate. No other word can describe this taste. A sharp or pungent taste is more strong than unpleasant, especially when describing cheese. Sharp, sour and acid all describe the taste of a lemon or a fruit that is not ready to eat. An acrid smell is strong and unpleasant, especially the smell of smoke or burning, but not the smell of food.Patterns
    • a(n) bitter/​pungent/​sour/​acrid/​sharp/​acid taste/​flavour
    • a(n) bitter/​pungent/​acrid/​sharp/​acid smell/​odour
    • a(n) bitter/​sour/​sharp/​acid fruit
    • pungent/​sharp cheese
    • pungent/​acrid smoke
    compare sweet
    Wordfinder
    Extra Examples
    • The drink tasted bitter.这种饮料味苦。
    • This plant is ignored by livestock because of the bitter taste.因为味苦，家畜不吃这种植物。
    • bitter chocolate带苦味的巧克力
    • (figurative) The whole sorry affair had left a bitter taste in her mouth (= made her feel angry or unhappy).整个令人遗憾的事情给她留下了痛苦的印象。
    Topics Cooking and eatingb2
    Oxford Collocations Dictionaryverbs
    • be
    • taste
    adverb
    • extremely
    • fairly
    • very
    • …
    See full entry
  2.  
     (of arguments, disagreements, etc.争论、分歧等) very serious and unpleasant, with a lot of anger and hate involved激烈而不愉快的；充满愤怒与仇恨的
    • a long and bitter dispute漫长而激烈的争论
    • They are locked in a bitter custody battle over their three children.他们为三个孩子的监护权陷入了一场激烈的争夺之中。
    • The candidates are locked in an increasingly bitter struggle.候选人陷入了越来越激烈的斗争。
  3.  
     (of people人) feeling angry and unhappy because you feel that you have been treated unfairly愤愤不平的
    • She is very bitter about losing her job.她丢掉了工作，心里很不服气。
    • The company sounds pretty bitter about the experience.公司听起来对这种经历相当不满。
    Extra Examples
    • I felt very bitter towards them.我对他们极为不满。
    • She still seems bitter about it.她对那件事好像仍然有些不满。
    • The divorce had left her bitter.离婚让她心怀怨恨。
    Topics Feelingsb2
    Oxford Collocations Dictionaryverbs
    • be
    • feel
    • seem
    • …
    adverb
    • extremely
    • fairly
    • very
    • …
    preposition
    • about
    • towards/​toward
    See full entry
  4.  
     [usually before noun] making you feel very unhappy; caused by great unhappiness令人不快的；使人悲痛的；由痛苦引起的
    • to weep/shed bitter tears伤心落泪
    • Losing the match was a bitter disappointment for the team.输掉这场比赛对这个队来说是一件伤心失望的事。
    • I've learnt from bitter experience not to trust what he says.我已从痛苦的经验中得到了教训，不要相信他的话。
    Extra Examples
    • Loving relationships can turn bitter.爱能转化为恨。
    • She bit her lip hard to stop the rush of bitter words.她使劲咬着嘴唇，把到嘴边的刻薄话咽回去了。
  5.  
     (of weather conditions天气) extremely cold and unpleasant严寒的
    • bitter cold严寒
    • a bitter wind刺骨寒风
    • It's really bitter out today.今天户外的确很冷。
    • The weather turned bitter.天气转冷。
    Oxford Collocations Dictionaryverbs
    • be
    • become
    • turn
    • …
    adverb
    • extremely
    • fairly
    • very
    • …
    See full entry
    6. Word OriginOld English biter, of Germanic origin; related to Dutch and German bitter, and probably to bite.
Idioms
a bitter pill (for somebody) (to swallow)
  1. a fact or an event that is unpleasant and difficult to accept严酷的现实；（难以咽下的）苦果
    • The election defeat was a bitter pill for the party to swallow.选举失败是该党难以下咽的苦果。
to/until the bitter end
  1. continuing until you have done everything you can, or until something is completely finished, despite difficulties and problems（不怕艰苦）坚持到底，奋斗到底
    • They were prepared to fight to the bitter end for their rights.他们甘愿为自己的权利斗争到底。
    • We will fight this case to the bitter end.我们会把这场官司打到底。

bitter

noun
/ˈbɪtə(r)/
/ˈbɪtər/
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  1. (British English) [uncountable, countable] a type of beer with a dark colour and a strong bitter taste, that is very popular in England and Wales苦啤酒（在英国很受欢迎）
    • A pint of bitter, please.请来一品脱苦啤酒。
    compare mild
  2. bitters
     [uncountable + singular or plural verb] a strong bitter alcoholic liquid that is made from plants and added to other alcoholic drinks苦酒原汁（从植物中提取的苦酒精液体，可增加其他酒精饮料的味道）
    • gin with a dash of bitters掺了少量苦酒汁的杜松子酒
    3. Word OriginOld English biter, of Germanic origin; related to Dutch and German bitter, and probably to bite.
TOEFL IELTS BNC: 3095 COCA: 3580
bitter

adjective¹

 1angry/unhappy生氣；不高興VERBS | ADVERB | PREPOSITION VERBS➤be, feel, seem, sound憤憤不平；感到憤憤不平；好像憤憤不平；聽起來憤憤不平▸➤become, grow, turn變得有怨意；轉變成恨◇He had grown bitter as the years passed.隨着歲月的流逝他變得怨氣重重。◇Loving relationships can turn bitter.愛能轉化為恨。➤remain仍然有怨意▸➤leave sb, make sb使某人怨氣沖天◇The divorce had left her bitter.離婚讓她心懷怨恨。ADVERB➤extremely, fairly, very, etc.極度／相當／非常痛苦▸➤slightly有點兒痛苦➤increasingly越來越鬱悶PREPOSITION➤about對⋯感到不滿◇She still seems bitter about it.她對那件事好像仍然有些不滿。➤towards/toward對⋯不滿◇I felt very bitter towards / toward them.我對他們極為不滿。
bitter

adjective²

 2very cold寒冷VERBS | ADVERB VERBS➤be冷得刺骨▸➤become, turn變寒冷◇The weather turned bitter.天氣轉冷。➤remain仍然很冷ADVERB➤extremely, fairly, very, etc.極其／相當／非常寒冷
bitter

adjective³

 3having a sharp taste味苦VERBS | ADVERB VERBS➤be, taste苦；嚐起來苦◇The drink tasted bitter.這飲料喝起來有苦味。ADVERB➤extremely, fairly, very, etc.極其苦；相當苦；非常苦▸➤a little, slightly, etc.有點兒／稍有些苦
TOEFL IELTS BNC: 3095 COCA: 3580
bitter adj.
⇨ bitter 1 (a bitter taste) ⇨ bitter 2 (bitter feelings) ⇨ freezing (a bitter wind)bitter1

adjective

 a bitter taste 苦味bitter feelings 痛苦的感情bitter ♦︎ pungent ♦︎ sour ♦︎ acrid ♦︎ sharp ♦︎ acidThese words all describe a strong, unpleasant taste or smell. 这些词均表示味道或气味强烈的、令人不适的。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆a bitter / a pungent / an acrid / a sharp / an acid taste / flavour◆a bitter / a pungent / a sour / an acrid / a sharp / an acid smell / odour◆a bitter / a pungent / an acrid / a sharp scent◆a bitter / a sour / a sharp / an acid fruit◆a pungent / sharp cheese◆pungent / acrid smoke◆to taste bitter / sour / sharp◆to smell bitter / sharp■ bitter (of a taste or smell) strong and usually unpleasant; (of food or drink) having a bitter taste （味道或气味）强烈而令人不适的；（食物或饮料）味苦的◆bitter coffee / chocolate苦咖啡；苦巧克力◆The drink tasted bitter.这种饮料味苦。◆This plant is ignored by livestock because of the bitter taste.因为味苦，家畜不吃这种植物。■ pungent ˈpʌndʒənt (of a smell or taste) strong and usually unpleasant; (of food or smoke) having a pungent smell or taste （气味或味道）强烈而令人不适的；（食物）刺激性的，辛辣的；（烟）呛人的，刺鼻的◆the pungent smell of burning rubber烧橡胶的刺鼻气味◆The air was pungent with the smell of spices.空气里充满了各种香料的刺激性气味。■ sour (of a taste) bitter like the taste of a lemon or of fruit that is not ripe; (of food or drink) having a sour taste （味道）酸的；（食物或饮料）有酸味的◆Too much pulp produces a sour wine.过多的果肉会让酒变酸。 OPP sweet ⓘ Sweet food contains sugar or tastes of sugar. * sweet指食物含糖的、甜的◆I need a cup of hot sweet tea.我需要一杯加糖的热茶。◆This wine is too sweet for me.这种葡萄酒对我来说太甜了。   see also sour ⇨ rotten ■ acrid ˈækrɪd (of a smell or taste) strong and unpleasant; (of smoke) having an acrid smell （气味或味道）刺激的，难闻的；（烟）呛人的，刺鼻的◆The fog was yellow and acrid and bit at the back of the throat.雾的颜色发黄，气味呛人，直刺喉根。■ sharp (of a taste or smell) strong and slightly bitter; (of food or drink) having a sharp taste （味道或气味）强烈而略苦的，刺鼻的；（食物或饮料）味苦的，辛辣的◆The cheese has a distinctively sharp taste.这奶酪味道很冲。■ acid (of a taste or smell) bitter, like the taste of a lemon or of fruit that is not ripe; (of food or drink) having an acid taste （味道）酸的；（气味）有刺激性的；（食物或饮料）有酸味的◆It's a very juicy fruit with a slightly acid flavour.这种水果多汁，味道略酸。NOTE 辨析 Which word? Bitter, sour, sharp and acid are all used more for tastes. Pungent and acrid are used more for smells. A bitter taste is usually unpleasant, but some people enjoy the bitter flavour of coffee or chocolate. You cannot use any other word to describe this flavour. * bitter、sour、sharp和acid多用以形容味道。pungent和acrid多用以形容气味。bitter表示味苦，通常令人不适，有些人却喜欢咖啡或巧克力的苦味，其他词都不能描述这种味道◆pungent/sour/acrid/sharp/acid coffee/chocolate Sour and acid both describe the taste of a lemon or fruit that is not ripe. Sour is usually a negative term; acid can be negative or simply descriptive. A sharp or pungent flavour is more strong than unpleasant, especially when describing cheese. * sour和acid均指柠檬或未成熟水果的那种酸味。sour通常作贬义；acid既可作贬义，也可作客观描述。sharp或pungent主要强调味道强烈，而非令人不适，在描述奶酪的味道时尤其如此◆bitter/sour/acrid/acid cheese A pungent smell is usually unpleasant, but some people enjoy the pungent smell of rich, spicy food. An acrid smell is always unpleasant; acrid is not used for the smell of food. * pungent指气味有刺激性，通常令人不适，但有些人却喜欢油腻、调料重的食物的浓烈气味。acrid指气味刺激难闻，总是令人不适；acrid不用于形容食物的气味。 bitter2

adjective

 a bitter taste 苦味bitter feelings 痛苦的感情bitter ♦︎ sour ♦︎ resentful ♦︎ acrimonious ♦︎ embitteredThese words all describe people feeling angry and unhappy after a bad experience. 这些词均表示因糟糕的经历而感到愤愤不平、闷闷不乐。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆bitter / resentful about sth◆bitter / resentful towards sb◆a bitter / a sour / an embittered man◆a sour / resentful expression◆a bitter / an acrimonious debate / dispute / divorce■ bitter (of people) feeling very angry and unhappy because you feel that you have been treated unfairly; (of situations) full of angry feelings and words （人）愤愤不平的；（状况）怨声载道的◆He is very bitter about losing his job.他丢了工作，心里很不服气。◆She bit her lip hard to stop the rush of bitter words.她使劲咬着嘴唇，把到嘴边的刻薄话咽回去了。◆They are locked in a bitter custody battle over their three children.他们为三个孩子的监护权陷入了一场激烈的争夺之中。   see also bitterness ⇨ resentment ▸ bitterly

adverb

◆They complained bitterly.他们气愤地抱怨。■ sour feeling or expressing bitterness or disappointment 阴郁的；闷闷不乐的；沮丧的◆She was a sour and disillusioned old woman.她是一个心灰意冷、幻想破灭的老女人。◆The meeting ended on a sour note with several people walking out.数人退场，会议不欢而散。◆As time went by the marriage turned sour.时日推移，这桩婚姻逐渐产生问题。ⓘ Sour is not usually followed by a preposition. * sour后通常不接介词◆She was sour about it.   see also sour ⇨ influence verb ▸ sourly

adverb

◆'Who asked you?' he said sourly.“谁问你了？”他没好气地说。■ resentful rɪˈzentfl (especially written) feeling bitter or angry about sth that you think is unfair 感到气愤的；憎恨的；愤慨的◆She was resentful at having been left out of the team.她对于被摈出团队感到气愤。◆They seemed to be resentful of our presence there.他们好像对我们出现在那里很生气。   see also resent ⇨ resent , resentment ⇨ resentment ▸ resentfully

adverb

◆He looked at me resentfully.他满怀怨恨地看着我。NOTE 辨析 Bitter, sour or resentful? Bitter feelings are the strongest and most openly expressed. * bitter所表达的感情最强烈、最公开◆feeling extremely / intensely / very bitter感到极其／非常／十分痛苦◆a bitter laugh / smile苦笑If you feel sour or resentful it may be less obvious. * sour或resentful所表达的感情也许没那么明显◆vaguely / silently resentful略感气愤；生闷气◆resentful eyes满含怨愤的眼神◆a sour face阴郁的脸色 Sour especially describes relationships which may go/turn sour. * go/turn sour尤指关系变坏、恶化。 ■ acrimonious ˌækrɪˈməʊniəs; NAmE ˌækrɪˈmoʊniəs (rather formal) (of a situation) angry and full of strong bitter feelings and words （状况）怨声载道的，恶言相向的◆His parents went through an acrimonious divorce.他的父母在激烈争吵中离了婚。   see also acrimony ⇨ resentment ▸ acrimoniously

adverb

◆The relationship ended acrimoniously.这段关系在怨愤中结束了。■ embittered (rather formal, especially written) feeling angry and unhappy about sth over a long period of time （长期）怨愤的，沮丧的，苦恼的◆He died an embittered man.他含怨而终。
TOEFL IELTS BNC: 3095 COCA: 3580
bitter
Feeling angry or annoyed: angry, annoyed, upset...
Feeling disappointed: disappointed, disillusioned, dismayed...
General words used to describe emotions: acutely, affective, basic...
Enemies and describing enemies: enemy, opponent, adversary...
Making you feel sad or upset: sad, unhappy, depressing...
Words used to describe specific tastes and flavours: acid, acidic, aged...
Cold: cold, cool, icy...
Sadness and unhappiness: sadness, depression, grief...
Beer and lager: ale, amber fluid, beer...

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