civil war

noun

/ˌsɪvl ˈwɔː(r)/

/ˌsɪvl ˈwɔːr/

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[countable, uncountable] a war between groups of people in the same country内战
- the Spanish Civil War西班牙内战
- 30 years of bitter civil war30 年惨烈的内战
Collocations War and peace
War and peace战争与和平Starting a war开战
- declare/make/wage war (on somebody/something)（向…）宣战／挑起战争／发动战争
- go to war (against/with somebody)（向…）开战
- cause/spark/provoke/foment/quell unrest引起／平息骚乱
- incite/lead/crush/suppress a revolt/rebellion煽动／领导／镇压起义／叛乱
- launch/mount/carry out a surprise/terrorist attack发起／实施突然／恐怖袭击
- prevent/halt/represent an escalation of the conflict防止／阻止／表明冲突升级
- be torn apart by/be on the brink of civil war被内战搞得四分五裂；濒于内战
- enter/invade/occupy somebody’s territory进入／侵略／占领某人的领土
- lead/launch/resist/repel an invasion领导／发起／抵制／击退武装入侵
Military operations军事行动
- adopt/develop/implement/pursue a military strategy采用／发展／实施／执行军事战略
- carry out/execute/perform military operations/manoeuvres
- send/deploy/station/pull back/withdraw troops派遣／部署／派驻／撤回部队
- go on/fly/carry out a reconnaissance/rescue mission进行／驾机执行／执行侦察／营救任务
- train/equip/deploy army/military/combat units训练／装备／部署陆军／军事／作战分队
- lead/launch/conduct a raid/a surprise attack/an (air/airborne/amphibious) assault (on somebody)领导／发起／实施（对某人的）突然袭击／（空中／空投部队／登陆）攻击
- employ/use guerrilla tactics采用游击战术
- conduct/wage biological/guerrilla warfare进行／发动生物战／游击战
- fight/crush/defeat the rebels/the insurgency设法战胜／镇压／挫败叛乱者／叛乱
- suffer/inflict a crushing defeat遭受惨败；大获全胜
- achieve/win a decisive victory赢得决定性的胜利
- halt/stop the British/German/Russian advance阻止英国／德国／俄罗斯的前进
- order/force a retreat命令／强迫撤退
Fighting作战
- join/serve in the army/navy/air force加入陆军／海军／空军；在陆军／海军／空军部队服役
- be/go/remain/serve on active duty在服现役
- serve/complete/return from a tour of duty在服役；服役完毕；服役归来
- be sent to the front (line)被派往前线
- attack/strike/engage/defeat/kill/destroy the enemy袭击／攻击敌人；与敌人交战；击败／杀死／消灭敌人
- see/report/be engaged in heavy fighting目睹／报道／参与激战
- call for/be met with armed resistance要求／遭遇武装抵抗
- come under heavy/machine-gun/mortar fire冒着激烈的／机关枪的／迫击炮的射击
- fire a machine-gun/mortar shells/rockets (at somebody/something)（对…）发射机关枪／迫击炮弹／火箭弹
- shoot a rifle/a pistol/bullets/missiles步枪／手枪射击；发射子弹／导弹
- launch/fire a cruise/ballistic/anti-tank missile发射巡航／弹道／反坦克导弹
- use biological/chemical/nuclear weapons使用生物／化学／核武器
- inflict/suffer/sustain heavy losses/casualties遭受惨重损失／伤亡
- be hit/killed by enemy/friendly/artillery fire被敌军／友军／炮火击中／射死
- become/be held as a prisoner of war成为战俘；作为战俘被监禁
Civilians in war战争中的平民
- harm/kill/target/protect innocent/unarmed civilians伤害／杀死／瞄准／保护无辜的／手无寸铁的平民
- cause/avoid/limit/minimize civilian casualties/collateral damage导致／避免／限制／最大限度减少平民伤亡／附带性破坏
- impose/enforce/lift a curfew强制实行／解除宵禁
- engage in/be a victim of ethnic cleansing参与种族清洗；成为种族清洗的受害者
- be sent to an internment/a concentration camp被送到俘虏拘留营／集中营
- accept/house/resettle refugees fleeing from war接受／收容／安置战争难民
- fear/threaten military/violent reprisals害怕／扬言要军事／暴力报复
- commit/be accused of war crimes/crimes against humanity/genocide犯／被指控犯战争罪／反人类罪／种族灭绝罪
Making peace和解
- make/bring/win/achieve/maintain/promote peace促使／带来／赢得／实现／保持／促进和平
- call for/negotiate/broker/declare a ceasefire/a temporary truce要求／商谈／协商／宣布停战／暂时休战
- sign a ceasefire agreement签署停战协议
- call for/bring/put an end to hostilities要求发动／引发／结束战争
- demand/negotiate/accept the surrender of somebody/something强烈要求／商讨／接受…投降
- establish/send (in) a peacekeeping force建立／派遣维和部队
- negotiate/conclude/ratify/sign/accept/reject/break/violate a peace treaty商讨／达成／正式批准／签署／接受／拒绝／破坏／违反和平协定
Extra Examples
- He fears the violence could spark a civil war.他害怕该暴力事件会引发内战。
- Edgehill was the first battle in the English Civil War.埃奇希尔战役是英国内战的第一场战役。
- The country had just emerged from the horrors of civil war.这个国家刚刚摆脱内战的恐怖。
- Both are veterans of the country's long civil war.两人均为参加过这国家长期内战的老兵。
Topics Historyc1, War and conflictc1
the Civil War
the war fought in the US between the northern and the southern states in the years 1861 to 1865美国内战，美国南北战争（1861–1865 年）
Culture the Civil Warthe Civil WarIn the US in the19th century, an increasing number of people mostly from the industrial northern states, called abolitionists, wanted to make slavery illegal, but the more agricultural southern states wanted the right for each state to decide whether to keep slavery or not. Southern states also wanted individual states to have more power than the US federal government and many became secessionists, believing that southern states should secede from the Union (= become independent from the US). In 1860, Abraham Lincoln became President and although he was against slavery, he said that he would not end it. The southern states did not believe this and eleven states left the Union and formed the Confederate States, often called the Confederacy, with Jefferson Davis as its President and its capital in Richmond, Virginia. On 12 April 1861 the Confederate Army attacked Fort Sumter, which was in the Confederate state of South Carolina but still occupied by the Union Army, and the Civil War began. Over the next four years, the Union army tried to take control of the South. After the Battle of Gettysburg in 1863, President Lincoln made the famous Gettysburg Address about democracy. The same year he issued the Emancipation Proclamation which made slavery illegal, but only in the Confederacy. Slaves played an important part in the war, giving information to Union soldiers and also serving in the Union army. In the South especially, people suffered a lot during the war and had little to eat. On 9 April 1865, when the South could fight no more, General Robert E Lee surrendered to General Ulysses S Grant at Appomattox Court House in Virginia. After the war, many Southerners still had very bad feelings towards the North and did not want to end slavery. On 14 April 1865, an actor who supported the South, John Wilkes Booth, shot and killed President Lincoln at Ford's Theatre in Washington. Many southern cities had been destroyed during the war and the economy badly damaged, and there followed the long, difficult period called Reconstruction.

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