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a person in a court who has the authority to decide how criminals should be punished or to make legal decisions 法官；审判员 a High Court judge 高等法院的法官 a federal/district judge 联邦/地区法官 the presiding trial judge 主审法官 to appoint a judge 任命法官 - before a judge
The case comes before Judge Cooper next week. 本案下周交库珀法官审理。 He will appear before a judge tomorrow. 他明天将出庭受审。 The judge sentenced him to five years in prison. 法官判他五年监禁。 The judge ruled that the evidence was inadmissible. 法官裁定该证据不能被采信。
Culture the legal systemthe legal systemFor historical reasons, the system of law used in Scotland is different from that in England and Wales, with the law in Northern Ireland similar to that in England. When making decisions Scottish courts look for an appropriate general principle and apply it to a particular situation. English law relies on case law, a collection of previous decisions, called precedents. English courts look at precedents for the case being tried and make a similar judgement. A basic principle of law in Britain is that anyone accused is innocent until proven guilty, so it is the job of the prosecution to prove beyond reasonable doubt that the defendant (= the person accused) has broken the law as stated in the charge. If this cannot be proved the person must be acquitted (= allowed to go free, with no blame attached).British law is divided into civil law which concerns arguments between individuals about matters such as business contracts, and criminal law which deals with offences that involve harm to a person resulting from somebody breaking the law. In civil cases, the plaintiff (= the person who claims to have been wronged) brings an action against the defendant in the hope of winning damages (= a financial payment) or an injunction (= a court order preventing the defendant from doing something). Criminal cases are brought against criminals by the state, in England and Wales by the Director of Public Prosecutions and in Scotland through procurators fiscal.In England and Wales most towns have a Magistrates' Court, where minor cases are judged and more serious cases are passed to higher courts by three magistrates called Justices of the Peace, trained members of the public. The more serious cases are heard in a Crown Court by a judge and a jury. Minor civil cases, such as divorce and bankruptcy, are heard in the county courts and more serious ones in the High Court. Appeals against decisions from the Crown Court or the High Court go to the Court of Appeal and a few cases, where a question of law is in doubt, are passed to the Supreme Court, which has replaced the House of Lords as the highest court in the country.In Scotland, criminal cases are heard in District Courts by members of the public called lay justices. More serious cases go to regional sheriff courts and are heard by the sheriff and a jury. Appeals go to the High Court of Justiciary in Edinburgh. Civil cases begin in the sheriff court and may go on appeal to the Court of Session.In the US, the judicial system is one of the three branches of the federal government, but the legal system operates at many levels with state, county and city courts as well as federal courts. The right to trial by jury is provided by the Constitution. Each type of court has its own jurisdiction, that is, it deals with certain kinds of cases. Both civil and criminal cases are first heard in trial courts and there is a right to appeal against the court's decision in a court of appeals. Many states have family courts where people get divorced and small claims courts which deal with small amounts of money. States also have trial courts, which hear a wider range of cases, and courts of appeal called superior courts or district courts. Most states have a Supreme Court where the most serious appeals are held. States have their own criminal code, but some crimes are federal offences (= against federal law), and crimes may fall under federal jurisdiction if more than one state is involved.Most courts have only one judge, but some higher courts have several. In the US Supreme Court, the nine judges are called justices. The people on either side of a case are represented by lawyers, also called attorneys. In a criminal trial the defendant is represented by a defense attorney, or if he or she is unable to pay a lawyer, the court will appoint a public defender. The prosecution is led by an assistant district attorney or, in federal cases, by a federal attorney.Extra ExamplesTopics Preferences and decisionsb1, Law and justiceb1, Jobsb1A judge ordered her to be remanded in custody. 法官命令将她还押候审。 The judge in the case reminded the jury not to discuss the case outside the courtroom. 该案的法官提醒陪审团不要在法庭外讨论该案。 Appeals court judges overturned the previous ruling. 上诉法院的法官推翻了之前的判决。 She has a reputation as a liberal, activist judge. 作为一名法官，她以思想开明、表现积极而着称。 The judge awarded him damages of £20 000. 法官判给他 2 万英镑的损害赔偿金。
Oxford Collocations Dictionaryadjective- experienced
- learned
- senior
- …
- be
- sit as
- appoint (somebody as)
- …
- oversee something
- preside
- sit
- …
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a person who decides who has won a competition 裁判员；评判员 The judges' decision is final. 裁判的决定为最终决定。 She has joined the panel of judges in the popular TV talent show. 她加入了流行电视选秀节目的评委团。 She was invited to be a judge in a cookery competition. 她被邀请在烹饪比赛中担任评委。
Oxford Collocations Dictionaryadjective- competition
- independent
- panel
- choose somebody/something
- pick somebody/something
- vote for somebody/something
- …
- the judges’ decision
- [usually singular]
a person who has the necessary knowledge or skills to give their opinion about the value or quality of somebody/something 鉴定人；鉴赏家 She's a good judge of character. 她很善于判断人的性格。 He was a shrewd judge of people. 他是一个精明的人。 The last singer was the best—not that I'm any judge (= I do not know much about the subject). 最后一名歌手最棒－倒不是说我有多懂行。 ‘I'm not sure that's a good way to do it.’ ‘Let me be the judge of that.’ “我拿不准这样做好不好。” “就让我来判断吧。”
Extra ExamplesTopics Opinion and argumentb1She's usually a pretty shrewd judge of character. 她通常能对别人的性格作出相当精准的判断。 You are the best judge of what your body needs. 你的身体需要什么，你自己最能判定。
Oxford Collocations Dictionaryadjective- astute
- good
- great
- …
- judge of
- a good, bad etc. judge of character
in court法庭
in competition竞赛
somebody who gives opinion鉴定人
Word OriginMiddle English: from Old French juge (noun), juger (verb), from Latin judex, judic-, from jus ‘law’ + dicere ‘to say’.