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four-letter word

noun
/ˌfɔː letə ˈwɜːd/
/ˌfɔːr letər ˈwɜːrd/
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  1. a short word that is considered rude or offensive, especially because it refers to sex or other functions of the body（字母少的）粗俗下流词 synonym swear word
    • The play is full of four-letter words.这部戏里满是脏话。
    Culture surnamessurnamesIn Britain and the US surnames, also called last names or family names, pass from fathers or, in some cases, mothers to their children. Women often change their surname when they marry, replacing their maiden name (= the surname they had from birth) with the surname of their husband. In the US especially, some women keep their maiden name as a middle name. Others choose to keep their maiden name as their surname after they are married. A few create a double-barrelled name (NAmE hyphenated name) from the two surnames, such as Johnson-Brown. The husband and children may also take this name. In Britain a double-barrelled surname used to suggest an upper-class background, but now this is often not the case.In the US, laws about changing a last name, whether after marriage or for some other reason, vary from state to state, but it is usually a simple process and in some states people can just begin to use a new name if they want to. In Britain a woman can choose to change her surname after marriage. If people wish to change their name for any other reason they can do so by deed poll, a simple legal procedure.In fact people rarely change their surname except after marriage, and many people are able to research their family history over many centuries. Most families were known by surnames by 1300 and many of the old names are still common. Sometimes the names reflected the place where the family lived, such as the name of their village or a reference to a feature of the local countryside, for example Ford, Hill or Wood. Other surnames refer to the original profession or trade of the family, for example Baker, Miller, Shepherd and Smith. Sometimes the surname began as a nickname. For instance, someone with dark hair or dark skin might be called Black, Blake or Brown. Some surnames were taken from personal names, as in Andrews, Martin and Roberts. Others were based on French names that came to Britain during the Norman Conquest, for example, Sinclair from the French ‘Saint-Clair’.Many surnames occur throughout Britain, but others suggest a particular regional origin. Many Scottish names begin with Mc- or Mac-, meaning 'son of‘, for example, McDonald and MacGregor. Members of a clan added this prefix to their father's name. Irish surnames often begin with O', meaning ' descended from‘, for example, O'Brien. Many Irish surnames come from ancient Celtic names. Common Welsh surnames include Evans, Morgan, Price, Rees and Williams. The most common surname in England and Scotland is Smith, closely followed by Jones, a name also widely found in Wales. Other surnames were brought to Britain by families from India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and China. These include Ahmed, Hussain, Khan, Patel, Singh and Tsang.All the surnames found in Britain are also found in the US, together with many others from all over the world. Some people wanted to sound more American when they arrived in the US and so took English last names. Sometimes government officials could not understand the names of new arrivals and wrote similar English names on their documents. Many Americans of German origin changed their names during the two world wars. African Americans whose ancestors were slaves do not know what last names their families originally had. Many have English or Irish names, because slaves had to take the names of their owners.When British and American people introduce themselves they give their first name and then their surname, for example, Michael Johnson, Linda Johnson. The opposite order 'Johnson, Michael‘ is used only in alphabetical lists. In informal situations people often give only their first name. When people are addressed in a formal way a title is put before their last name, usually Mr for men and Mrs, Miss or Ms for women. Married women used always to be called Mrs Johnson, etc. Women who were not married were known as Miss Johnson, etc. Many women now prefer the title Ms because, like Mr, it does not give any information about whether the person is married. Other titles include Dr for medical doctors and people with a doctorate (= the highest university degree) and General, Colonel, etc. for people holding military ranks. People can be addressed as Dr Jones, Professor Roberts etc. or simply as Doctor (for a medical doctor) and Professor. Men especially may be referred to simply by their last name, for example, the 44th president was Obama, but addressing somebody in this way can seem old-fashioned or may cause offence.

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