all the plants and living creatures in a particular area considered in relation to their physical environment 生态系统 Islands often support delicate ecosystems that evolved without any need for defence. 岛屿上所维系的生态系统大多很脆弱，是在无需防御的情况下演化而成的。
Collocations The environmentTopics The environmentb2The environment 环境 Environmental damage 环境破坏 - cause/contribute to climate change/global warming
引起气候变化／全球变暖 - produce pollution/CO2/greenhouse (gas) emissions
产生污染／二氧化碳／温室气体排放 - damage/destroy the environment/a marine ecosystem/the ozone layer/coral reefs
破坏环境／海洋生态系统／臭氧层／珊瑚礁 - degrade ecosystems/habitats/the environment
使生态系统／栖息地／环境退化 - harm the environment/wildlife/marine life
危害环境／野生动物／海洋生物 - threaten natural habitats/coastal ecosystems/a species with extinction
构成对自然栖息地／沿海生态系统／物种灭绝的威胁 - deplete natural resources/the ozone layer
大量损耗自然资源／臭氧层 - pollute rivers and lakes/waterways/the air/the atmosphere/the environment/oceans
污染河流湖泊／航道／空气／大气层／环境／海洋 - contaminate groundwater/the soil/food/crops
污染地下水／土壤／食物／庄稼 - log forests/rainforests/trees
采伐森林／热带雨林／树木
Protecting the environment 保护环境 - address/combat/tackle the threat/effects/impact of climate change
设法解决／防止／应对气候变化带来的威胁／影响／冲击 - fight/take action on/reduce/stop global warming
对抗／采取行动应对／减缓／阻止全球变暖 - limit/curb/control air/water/atmospheric/environmental pollution
控制空气／水／大气／环境污染 - cut/reduce pollution/greenhouse gas emissions
减少污染／温室气体排放 - offset carbon/CO2 emissions
抵消碳／二氧化碳的排放 - reduce (the size of) your carbon footprint
减少碳足迹（量） - achieve/promote sustainable development
实现／促进可持续发展 - preserve/conserve biodiversity/natural resources
保持生物多样性；保护自然资源 - protect endangered species/a coastal ecosystem
保护濒危物种／沿海生态系统 - prevent/stop soil erosion/overfishing/massive deforestation/damage to ecosystems
防止／阻止水土流失／过度捕捞／大面积森林砍伐／对生态系统的破坏 - raise awareness of environmental issues
增强环境意识 - save the planet/the rainforests/an endangered species
拯救地球／热带雨林／濒危物种
Energy and resources 能源和资源 - conserve/save/consume/waste energy
保护／节约／消耗／浪费能源 - manage/exploit/be rich in natural resources
管理／开发／有丰富的自然资源 - dump/dispose of hazardous/toxic/nuclear waste
倾倒／处理有害／有毒／核废料 - dispose of/throw away litter/(especially British English) rubbish/(especially North American English) garbage/(North American English) trash/sewage
处理／扔掉垃圾／废物；排放污水 - use/be made from recycled/recyclable/biodegradable material
使用回收／可回收／可生物降解材料；由回收／可回收／可生物降解材料制成 - recycle bottles/packaging/paper/plastic/waste
回收瓶子／包装材料／纸／塑料／废品 - promote/encourage recycling/sustainable development/the use of renewable energy
促进／鼓励回收利用／可持续发展／使用可再生能源 - develop/invest in/promote renewable energy
研发／投资／推动可再生能源 - reduce your dependence/reliance on fossil fuels
减少对化石燃料的依赖 - get/obtain/generate/produce electricity from wind, solar and wave power/renewable sources
利用风、太阳能、潮汐／可再生能源发电 - build/develop a (50-megawatt/offshore) wind farm
修建一座（50 兆瓦／海上）风力发电站 - install/be fitted with/be powered by solar panels
安装太阳能板；由太阳能板提供动力
Oxford Collocations DictionaryEcosystem is used before these nouns:- management
- restoration
- ocean
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- Ms 79
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- cmdr 59
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- old 337
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- corpse 192
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- slips 48
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- CONTRIBUTION 83
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- conservator 142
- Gravy 58
- mayfair 46
- supply and demand 115
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- Corinthian 59
- convexedly 36
- tv 105
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- thrilly 31
- recently 473
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- noodle 416
- possibility 678
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- whom 69
- panacea 501
- extra 544
- hourglass 59
- clinging 32
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- polyhedron 55
- worker 400
- in the foreseeable future 51
- commode 136
- none 206
- beeline 100
- Equipment 313
- attitude 591
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- underdog 149
- skiffle 84
- Young 198
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- sapphires 58
- canonship 75
- chalice 187
- tergiversate 57
- verse 120
- endangered 165
- simple 345
- U-value 50
- shoelace 167
- titmouse 59
- capture 580
- dam 589
- Spark 351
- nursing 180
- impending 142
- brained 58
- buildup 165
- exasperate 164
- baggage car 108
- Homesick 63
- multitrack 38
- plucky 132
- baa 115
- accessory 619
- idiot-proof 63
- crumbly 216
- comely 147
- Genuine 249
- canal 586
- Resonate 159
- proliferate 118
- draft 657
- Visit 239
- Blabby 48
- minuet 64
- philandering 67
- Fleet Admiral 106
- westernize 88
- Inquire 220
- inculcate 112
- reed 456
- continuedly 50
- flummeries 42
- interred 32
- barkeeper 75
- hdtv 73
- Worship 164
- nepalese 63
- Lame 182
- souvenir 139
- washrag 49
- damning 129
- potent 280
- astrologer 124
- Life-saving 66
- ritziest 36
- phenotype 74
- disjunction 125
- Diverge 212
- nail varnish 53
- ortho- 70
- Breadth 265
- Paleolithic 74
- manipulative 64
- chairlift 129
- outdoors 467
- term 656
- display 628
- Mental 274
- deterioration 204
- Religion 186
- manipulate 583
- Occurrence 210
- To have a conversation with someone 68
- fanny pack 144
- direct object 115
- misconstrue 93
- -ify 258
- ditto 212
- Scout 223
- Liar 96
- gnashers 92
- suk 47
- bermuda 96
- Reasonable 261
- corollaries 61
- anti-tank 72
- greyed 8
- smidgen 87
- frequency 599
- cl 105
- saltpeter 53
- substation 64
- wadies 34
- Blessed 88
- ejection seat 114
- half-caste 96
- bulldog clip 68
- Presumptuous 50
- gluttonous 114
- phobe 41
- epa 46
- affectation 96
- america 119
- phile 42
- tyre 554
- Instantly 8
- medium term 116
- ribs 32
- cleaning lady 126
- bird 192
- Desperate 206
- monad 61
- Forbid 94
- zest 196
- sierra 61
- gall 148
- ganglion 229
- reproduction 441
- imbizo 63
- chapati 117
- fridays 66
- poison 635
- dandified 48
- sled 82
- gormand 34
- crumbiest 59
- composer 245
- cowhide 116
- facepalm 96
- hardrock 37
- clapping 92
- mudskipper 54
- collaborative 153
- hominoid 35
- evident 553
- ninny 59
- tire 600
- Whatever 137
- undoing 72
- mane 262
- suss 91
- uninspired 101
- aggravating 173
- obtuse 87
- Orientation 218
- buckle 292
- do without 140
- walk out 132
- capital 627
- matériel 37
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- Composer 216
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- specialize 531
- in spite of something 93
- mistress 597
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- Spectators 50
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- facie 55
- breadbin 72
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- awake 563
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- Stock 305
- howler 84
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- Serviceman 98
- contraction 244
- auspicious 168
- hr 81
- unhelpfully 66
- hermetically 80
- jerkwater 42
- chill out 106
- partially 618
- Unwavering 60
- law 633
- rainforest 90
- lawman 76
- overwrought 77
- wrathful 227
- scenic 209
- anti- 91
- CUT 132
- Bold 270
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- dialectologist 84
- forbidding 141
- greys 37
- indication 568
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- Mean 377
- clap 635
- everything 119
- gad 151
- Regency 79
- debit 138
- accumulate 671
- eating disorder 132
- urology 96
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- Mollify 19
- mannerless 37
- Metropolitan 122
- anti-semite 99
- Trainer 47
- harmsworth 56
- Stiff 177
- amoeba 153
- liquorice 69
- saucier 37
- itemize 143
- pendantly 39
- Norse 64
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- follower 176
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- jeans 587
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- Century 111
- oncologic 39
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- pedestrianized 36
- lawyer 594
- reckon 246
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- hamstring 152
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- eviscerate 134
- disgust 622
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- boy racer 109
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- death wish 136
- Flexible 220
- Peruse 80
- smattering 70
- Following 73
- depanneur 98
- cycle 532
- soulmate 69
- Arousal 130
- balls up 108
- Talk 246
- daycation 60
- lobe 81
- Hurl 2
- abd 81
- chavvy 76
- Technology 314
- HOBBY 116
- liposome 46
- Patrol 54
- die away 127
- brown 244
- chipmunk 130
- hardbound 52
- transpire 150
- marabou 61
- Calligraphy 90
- spurious 198
- conation 66
- Slope 214
- wi 74
- postdoctoral 66
- bore 574
- misdemeanour 92
- lighten 628
- in light of something 66
- hms 85
- investigate 615
- sportsperson 58
- pronounce 547
- cheer 651
- obscure 576
- immunosuppressed 34
- mouth-watering 81
- churchy 139
- town 606
- Point 397
- hiccup 340
- forecastle 92
- blot 331
- overripe 69
- meta- 77
- subset 153
- arcane 125
- bootstrap 136
- glebeless 41
- resource 615
- histamine 65
- hyperactive 97
- Kongo 54
- creativity 201
- cattle guard 91
- lecherous 70
- numerology 75
- clot 151
- WOUnd 152
- brooke 59
- bump into 123
- razz 77
- immerser 37
- rummage sale 77
- ADVERSITY 67
- arrogant 323
- Diplomat 131
- trying 213
- caddying 73
- optional 628
- muenster 46
- right 789
- field marshal 110
- lech 137
ecosystem noun
⇨ nature 2
ecosystem
The natural world: nature, the environment, ecology...
Relating to management and running a business: admin, admin, administer...
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