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IELTS BNC: 1103 COCA: 1229
lack

noun

lack ♦︎ absence ♦︎ deficit ♦︎ shortage ♦︎ shortfall ♦︎ deficiency ♦︎ scarcityThese are all words for talking about not having enough of sth or sth not being there. 这些词均表示缺乏、匮乏、短缺。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配a shortage / shortfall / deficiency in stha serious lack / deficit / shortage / shortfall / deficiencya major / severe lack / deficit / shortage / deficiencyto have / suffer from a lack / absence / deficit / shortage / deficiencyto face a lack / deficit / shortage / shortfallThere is no lack / shortage / deficiency / scarcity of sth. lack [uncountable, singular] the state of not having sth or not having enough of sth 缺乏;匮乏;短缺a lack of food / money / skills缺乏食物/金钱/技能There was no lack of volunteers.志愿者不乏其人。They haven't won a game yet, but it isn't for lack of trying.他们还没赢过一场比赛,但并不是由于拼劲不足。The trip was cancelled through lack of (= because there was not enough) interest.因为缺乏兴趣,这次旅行取消了。 see also lacking inadequate lack

verb

[transitive, no passive] Some houses still lack basic amenities such as bathrooms.有些住宅仍然没有像卫生间这样的基本设施。He lacks confidence.他缺乏信心。
absence [uncountable] the fact of sb/sth not existing or not being available 不存在;缺乏The case was dismissed in the absence of any definite proof.此案因缺乏确凿证据未予受理。I was surprised by the absence of any women on the board of directors.我真没想到董事会中竟然没有女性。 OPP presence Presence is the fact of sb/sth being in a particular place or thing. * presence指某人或某物出现或存在于特定场所或事物之中The test can identify the presence of abnormalities in the unborn child.这项化验能够鉴定出胎儿是否畸形。 deficit ˈdefɪsɪt [countable] the amount by which sth, especially an amount of money, is too small or smaller than sth else 不足额;(尤指)缺款额;缺少There's a deficit of $3 million in the total needed to complete the project.完成这项工程所需的全款中有300万元的亏空。The team has come back from a 2-0 deficit in the first half.该队在上半场0:2落后的情况下将比分扳回。In economics a deficit is the amount by which money spent or owed is greater than money earned in a particular period of time. 在经济学中,deficit指在特定的一段时间内的赤字、逆差、亏损You cannot cut a budget deficit simply by raising taxes.不能仅靠增加税收来减少预算赤字。The trade balance has been in deficit for the past five years.过去五年来贸易状况一直是逆差。 OPP surplus excess adj. shortage ˈʃɔːtɪdʒ; NAmE ˈʃɔːrtɪdʒ [countable, uncountable] a situation in which there is not enough of the people or things that are needed 不足;缺少;短缺The government must address the current acute shortage of teachers.政府必须设法解决目前师资严重短缺的问题。The recent heavy rains have helped to ease the water shortage.近期的大雨使缺水的状况有所缓解。There is no shortage of (= there are plenty of) things to do in the town.城里不愁找不到事做。OPP surplus excess adj. see also short scarce shortfall ˈʃɔːtfɔːl; NAmE ˈʃɔːrtfɔːl [countable] a situation in which there is not enough of sth, especially money or supplies of sth (尤指资金或供应的)缺口,差额,短缺Last year there was a shortfall of over 500 000 tonnes in the grain supply.去年的粮食供应有超过50万吨的缺口。The estimated shortfall for this financial year is $1.2 million.本财政年度估算亏空120万元。NOTE 辨析 Shortage or shortfall? Shortfall is used especially to talk about sth that is expected, for example the money that a company expects to make in a period of time. There can be a shortage of people as well as most things, but nota shortfall of people * shortfall尤指预计会出现的事情,如公司预计在一段时间内盈利减少。shortage既可指大多数事物的短缺,也可指人员的短缺,但不说a shortfall of people。 deficiency dɪˈfɪʃnsi [uncountable, countable] the state of not having, or not having enough of, sth that is essential, especially sth that is important for your health (尤指健康攸关的物质的)缺乏,缺少,不足Vitamin deficiency in the diet can cause illness.饮食中缺乏维生素会导致疾病。The condition is caused by a deficiency of calcium.这种疾病是缺钙引起的。 see also deficient inadequate scarcity ˈskeəsəti; NAmE ˈskersəti [uncountable, countable] a situation in which there is not enough of sth, especially food or other resources, and it is difficult to obtain it (尤指食物或其他资源的)缺乏,不足,稀少We must ensure that the animals are given food in times of scarcity.我们必须确保这些动物在食物短缺时有东西吃。The job was made more difficult because of a scarcity of data.由于缺乏数据资料,这项工作难度更大了。 see also scarce scarce

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