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IELTS BNC: 573 COCA: 438
hard adj.
hard (hard work) difficult1 (hard to believe) difficult2 (a hard life) final (hard evidence) harsh (a hard winter) ruthless (a hard man) solid (a hard chair)
hard

adjective

hard ♦︎ strenuous ♦︎ arduous ♦︎ gruelling ♦︎ punishingThese words all describe things that need a lot of physical strength or effort. 这些词均表示做某事是耗费体力的、辛苦的。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配hard / strenuous / arduous / gruelling worka hard / a strenuous / an arduous climba hard / an arduous / a gruelling journeya hard / gruelling / punishing schedulea hard / gruelling day hard needing a lot of physical strength or mental effort, especially over a period of time 耗费体力(或脑力)的;辛苦的It's hard work shovelling snow.铲雪是个辛苦活儿。I've had a long hard day.我度过了漫长辛苦的一天。 hard

adverb

They work hard at school.他们很用功读书。I trained as hard as I could.我全力苦练。You must try harder.你得更加努力。She tried her hardest not to show her disappointment.她竭力不流露出自己有多失望。
strenuous ˈstrenjuəs needing a lot of physical effort and energy; showing great energy and determination 费力的;繁重的;奋力的Avoid tasks which require strenuous physical activity.避免从事繁重的体力活动。The ship went down although strenuous efforts were made to save it.尽管人们尽了巨大努力去营救这条船,船还是沉了。 strenuously

adverb

He still works out strenuously every morning.他仍然每天早上勤加锻炼。The government strenuously denies the allegations.政府坚决否认那些说法。
arduous ˈɑːdjuəs, ˈɑːdʒuəs; NAmE ˈɑːrdʒuəsinvolving a lot of physical or mental effort and energy, especially over a period of time 艰苦的;艰难的;(尤指)漫长艰巨的She was now faced with an arduous trek across the mountains.她当时正面对要翻越大山的艰苦行程。an arduous task / process艰巨任务;艰难过程NOTE 辨析 Strenuous or arduous? Strenuous activity may require more effort than arduous work, but it may take less time. * strenuous比arduous所表达的活动强度更大,但是持续的时间较短The exercise need not take long, but it should be fairly strenuous.做这项锻炼的时间不需要很长,但应达到一定强度。 gruelling (especially BrE) (NAmE usually grueling) ˈgruːəlɪŋ very difficult and tiring, needing great physical or mental effort over a period of time 使人筋疲力尽的;折磨人的a gruelling work schedule累人的工作日程安排a sporting event that represents a gruelling test of endurance考验耐力的体育项目 punishing (of planned activities) gruelling (活动计划)艰难持久的,令人疲惫不堪的a punishing exercise regime艰苦的训练规划The president has a punishing schedule for the next six months.总统今后六个月的工作日程十分繁忙。NOTE 辨析 Punishing or gruelling? Punishing is only used for planned activities and collocates only with schedule, programme and regime. * punishing只用于形容活动计划,仅与schedule、programme和regime等词搭配。

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