- [uncountable]
the fair treatment of people 公平；公正 She spent her life fighting for social justice and equality for women. 她一生都在爲社會正義和婦女平等而奮鬥。 He pledged to seek justice for the victims of the tragedy. 他保證爲悲劇的受害者尋求正義。 Children often have a highly developed sense of justice. 孩子們通常有高度發達的正義感。 laws based on the principles of natural justice 基於自然正義原則的法律
Extra ExamplesTopics Social issuesb2Oxford Collocations Dictionaryadjective- distributive
- economic
- environmental
- …
- ask for
- demand
- pursue
- …
- a sense of justice
- [uncountable]
the quality of being fair or reasonable 公道；合理；公平合理 Who can deny the justice of their cause? 誰能否認他們的追求是合理的呢？ He demanded, not without justice, that he should be allowed to express his views. 他要求允許他表達自己的觀點，這不無道理。
Oxford Collocations Dictionaryadjective- distributive
- economic
- environmental
- …
- ask for
- demand
- pursue
- …
- a sense of justice
- [uncountable]
the legal system used to punish people who have committed crimes 司法制度；法律制裁；審判 the criminal justice system 刑事司法系統 The European Court of Justice 歐洲法庭 the administration/obstruction of justice 司法/妨礙司法公正 - (British English)
They were accused of attempting to pervert the course of justice. 他們因企圖妨礙司法公正而被控。 - (North American English)
They were accused of attempting to obstruct justice. 他們被控企圖妨礙司法公正。
Collocations Criminal justicesee also miscarriage of justiceCriminal justice 刑事審判 Breaking the law 犯法 - break/violate/obey/uphold the law
違反／違背／遵守／維護法律 - be investigated/arrested/tried for a crime/a robbery/fraud
因犯罪／搶劫／詐騙而被調查／逮捕／審判 - be arrested/ (especially North American English) indicted/convicted on charges of rape/fraud/(especially US English) felony charges
因被控犯強奸罪／詐騙罪／重型罪遭逮捕／起訴／定罪 - be arrested on suspicion of arson/robbery/shoplifting
因涉嫌縱火／搶劫／在商店行竊而被逮捕 - be accused of/be charged with murder/(especially North American English) homicide/four counts of fraud
被指控犯有謀殺罪／殺人罪／四項詐騙罪 - face two charges of indecent assault
面臨兩項猥亵罪的指控 - admit your guilt/liability/responsibility (for something)
承認（對某事的）罪責／責任 - deny the allegations/claims/charges
否認指控 - confess to a crime
坦白罪行 - grant/be refused/be released on/skip/jump bail
準許／不準保釋；交保釋金獲釋；棄保潛逃
The legal process 法律程序 - stand/await/bring somebody to/come to/be on trial
受審；候審；把某人送交法院審判；開庭審理；受到審判 - take somebody to/come to/settle something out of court
把某人告上法庭；被法庭受理；庭外和解某事 - face/avoid/escape prosecution
面臨／免於／逃脫起訴 - seek/retain/have the right to/be denied access to legal counsel
尋求／聘請／有權聘用／無權聘用律師 - hold/conduct/attend/adjourn a hearing/trial
開庭；出庭；休庭 - sit on/influence/persuade/convince the jury
擔任／影響／說服陪審團 - sit/stand/appear/be put/place somebody in the dock
坐在／站在／出現在／被送上／將某人送上被告席 - plead guilty/not guilty to a crime
認罪；不認罪 - be called to/enter (British English) the witness box
被召喚進入／進入證人席 - take/put somebody on the stand/(North American English) the witness stand
出庭作證；讓某人出庭作證 - call/subpoena/question/cross-examine a witness
傳喚／以傳票傳喚／訊問／盤問證人 - give/hear the evidence against/on behalf of somebody
提供／聽取對某人不利／有利的證據 - raise/withdraw/overrule an objection
提出／撤銷／否決異議 - reach a unanimous/majority verdict
作出一致的／多數人贊同的裁決 - return/deliver/record a verdict of not guilty/unlawful killing/accidental death
作出／宣布無罪／非法殺人／意外死亡的裁決 - convict/acquit the defendant of the crime
宣判被告有罪／無罪 - secure a conviction/your acquittal
獲得有罪／無罪判決 - lodge/file an appeal
提出上訴 - appeal (against)/challenge/uphold/overturn a conviction/verdict
對判決／裁決提出上訴／質疑；維持／撤銷判決／裁決
Sentencing and punishment 判刑與懲罰 - pass sentence on somebody
宣布對某人的判決 - carry/face/serve a seven-year/life sentence
會被判處／面臨／服七年徒刑／無期徒刑 - receive/be given the death penalty
被判死刑 - be sentenced to ten years (in prison/jail)
被判十年（監禁） - carry/impose/pay a fine (of $3 000)/a penalty (of 14 years imprisonment)
會被判處／處以／繳納（3 000 美元的）罰金／（14 年的）監禁 - be imprisoned/jailed for drug possession/fraud/murder
因持有毒品罪／詐騙罪／謀殺罪被監禁 - do/serve time/ten years
服刑；服十年徒刑 - be sent to/put somebody in/be released from jail/prison
被送進監獄；把某人送進監獄；被釋放出獄 - be/put somebody/spend X years on death row
在／把某人關在死囚牢房；在死囚牢房度過…年 - be granted/be denied/break (your) parole
獲準假釋；假釋遭拒；違反假釋規定
Culture the legal systemthe legal systemFor historical reasons, the system of law used in Scotland is different from that in England and Wales, with the law in Northern Ireland similar to that in England. When making decisions Scottish courts look for an appropriate general principle and apply it to a particular situation. English law relies on case law, a collection of previous decisions, called precedents. English courts look at precedents for the case being tried and make a similar judgement. A basic principle of law in Britain is that anyone accused is innocent until proven guilty, so it is the job of the prosecution to prove beyond reasonable doubt that the defendant (= the person accused) has broken the law as stated in the charge. If this cannot be proved the person must be acquitted (= allowed to go free, with no blame attached).British law is divided into civil law which concerns arguments between individuals about matters such as business contracts, and criminal law which deals with offences that involve harm to a person resulting from somebody breaking the law. In civil cases, the plaintiff (= the person who claims to have been wronged) brings an action against the defendant in the hope of winning damages (= a financial payment) or an injunction (= a court order preventing the defendant from doing something). Criminal cases are brought against criminals by the state, in England and Wales by the Director of Public Prosecutions and in Scotland through procurators fiscal.In England and Wales most towns have a Magistrates' Court, where minor cases are judged and more serious cases are passed to higher courts by three magistrates called Justices of the Peace, trained members of the public. The more serious cases are heard in a Crown Court by a judge and a jury. Minor civil cases, such as divorce and bankruptcy, are heard in the county courts and more serious ones in the High Court. Appeals against decisions from the Crown Court or the High Court go to the Court of Appeal and a few cases, where a question of law is in doubt, are passed to the Supreme Court, which has replaced the House of Lords as the highest court in the country.In Scotland, criminal cases are heard in District Courts by members of the public called lay justices. More serious cases go to regional sheriff courts and are heard by the sheriff and a jury. Appeals go to the High Court of Justiciary in Edinburgh. Civil cases begin in the sheriff court and may go on appeal to the Court of Session.In the US, the judicial system is one of the three branches of the federal government, but the legal system operates at many levels with state, county and city courts as well as federal courts. The right to trial by jury is provided by the Constitution. Each type of court has its own jurisdiction, that is, it deals with certain kinds of cases. Both civil and criminal cases are first heard in trial courts and there is a right to appeal against the court's decision in a court of appeals. Many states have family courts where people get divorced and small claims courts which deal with small amounts of money. States also have trial courts, which hear a wider range of cases, and courts of appeal called superior courts or district courts. Most states have a Supreme Court where the most serious appeals are held. States have their own criminal code, but some crimes are federal offences (= against federal law), and crimes may fall under federal jurisdiction if more than one state is involved.Most courts have only one judge, but some higher courts have several. In the US Supreme Court, the nine judges are called justices. The people on either side of a case are represented by lawyers, also called attorneys. In a criminal trial the defendant is represented by a defense attorney, or if he or she is unable to pay a lawyer, the court will appoint a public defender. The prosecution is led by an assistant district attorney or, in federal cases, by a federal attorney.Extra ExamplesTopics Law and justiceb2Civilians were not subject to summary justice. 平民不適用即決裁判。 So far the robbers have escaped justice. 那些搶劫犯至今依然逍遙法外。 the battle for Taylor to face justice before the High Court 爭取讓泰勒在高等法院受審的鬥爭 those who are ultimately responsible for dispensing justice 那些最終負責判案的人 Restorative justice can only work when all parties agree. 只有各方都同意的時候恢複性司法才起作用。 the deadliest episode of vigilante justice in American history 美國歷史上死亡人數最多的法外執法事件 Some people saw the epidemic as divine justice. 有些人把這場流行病看成是天譴。
Oxford Collocations Dictionaryadjective- civil
- criminal
- juvenile
- …
- do
- administer
- deliver
- …
- department
- system
- a miscarriage of justice
- pervert the course of justice
- (also Justice)[countable] (North American English)
a judge in a court (also used before the name of a judge) 法官（亦作稱謂） - Justice[countable] (British English, Canadian English)
used before the name of a judge in a court of appeal （稱謂）上訴法院法官 Mr Justice Davies 上訴法院法官戴維斯先生
Word Originlate Old English iustise ‘administration of the law’, via Old French from Latin justitia, from justus, from jus ‘law, right’.
Idioms
bring somebody to justice
to arrest somebody for a crime and put them on trial in court （將某人）繩之以法，緝拿歸案
do justice to somebody/something; do somebody/something justice
to treat or represent somebody/something fairly, especially in a way that shows how good, attractive, etc. they are 公平對待某人（或某事）；給予公正的評價 That photo doesn't do you justice. 那張照片把你給照走樣了。 He didn’t play as well as he can, but to do him justice, it was his first game since his injury. 他沒有發揮出他的水平，但公平地說，這是他受傷後的第一場比賽。 The review did not do justice to her talents. 這篇評論沒有充分發揮她的才能。
to deal with somebody/something correctly and completely 恰當處理某人（或某事）
do yourself justice
pervert the course of justice (British English)
(North American English obstruct justice)
- (
law 法律 to tell a lie or to do something in order to prevent the police, etc. from finding out the truth about a crime 妨礙司法（如作僞證等）