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TOEFL BNC: 647 COCA: 649
close noun
⇨ endclose adj.
⇨ close (a close finish) ⇨ detailed (take a close look) ⇨ like prep. adj. (a close resemblance)close verb
⇨ close 1 (close a door/your eyes/a book) ⇨ close 2 (a factory closes/close a factory) ⇨ end (a meeting closes/close a meeting)close kləʊs; NAmE kloʊs

adjective

close ♦︎ even ♦︎ near ♦︎ narrow ♦︎ level ♦︎ marginal ♦︎ hard-fought ♦︎ neck and neckThese words all describe a race or contest in which two people or teams are equal, or a situation in which sth nearly happens or does not happen. 这些词均表示比赛或竞赛实力接近的、势均力敌的，或情况几乎出现或没有出现。SYNONYM SCALE 词义标尺 下图显示这些词所表达势均力敌的程度
close➔even
nearlevel
narrowneck and neck
marginal
hard-fought
PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆level / neck and neck with sb◆a close / an even / a hard-fought contest◆a close / hard-fought battle / finish◆a narrow / hard-fought win / victory◆a narrow / marginal lead◆a close / narrow vote◆desperately close / hard-fought■ close (of a race or contest) won by only a small amount or distance; used to describe sth that nearly happens, usually a dangerous or unpleasant situation （速度比赛或竞赛）实力相近的，以微弱优势取胜的；（通常指危险或不好的事情几乎发生）差一点儿，险些◆It's a desperately close race－I can't quite see who is ahead.这真是一场势均力敌的比赛－我都分不太清楚谁在前面。◆The California election looks too close to call (= it is impossible to predict the result) as voters go to the polls.加州的选举在选民投票时很难预测结果。◆The invasion never happened but it was a close run thing (= it almost did).侵略始终没有发生，但是差一点就发生了。◆Phew! That was close－the motorbike nearly hit us.啊！好险！那辆摩托车差点儿就撞上我们了。■ even (of an amount) equal or the same for each person, team, place, etc.; (of two people or teams) equally balanced or of an equal standard （数量）相等的，均等的；（两人或两队）均衡的，水平相当的◆The scores were even at 2-2.分数是2比2平。◆The political goal was a more even distribution of wealth.政治目标是更平均地分配财富。◆The two players were pretty even.这两个选手不相上下。◆This seems to be a more even contest.这看来是一场更势均力敌的竞赛。OPP uneven ⓘ An uneven contest is one in which one group, team or player is much better than the other. * uneven形容比赛时指实力悬殊。■ near [only before noun] (no comparative or superlative 无比较级和最高级) being almost sth or almost happening 接近的；差不多的◆The election proved to be a near disaster for the party.这次选举对该党来说几乎是一场灾难。◆We won in the end but it was a near thing.我们最后获胜了，但是赢得很惊险。◆The climbers had already had one near miss (= almost had an accident) on the summit.这群登山者已经有过一次在山顶上差点出事的经历。■ narrow [usually before noun] only just achieved or avoided 勉强的；刚刚好的◆He blamed the goalkeeper for the narrow defeat against Ireland.被爱尔兰队险胜，他责怪起守门员来。◆She lost the race by the narrowest of margins.她以极小的差距在赛跑中落败了。◆She was elected by a narrow majority.她以微弱多数当选。◆He had a narrow escape (= nearly had a bad accident) when his car skidded on the ice.车在冰上打滑，他险些出事。■ level [not before noun] (especially BrE) (in sport) having the same score as sb （体育运动）得分相同◆A good second round brought him level with the tournament leader.他第二轮发挥良好，使他与锦标赛领先的选手得分持平。◆The clubs are level on points.各俱乐部得分相同。◆The score was level at 5 points each.比分是5比5平。◆France took an early lead but Wales soon drew level (= scored the same number of points).法国队开始领先，但很快威尔士队扳平了比分。■ marginal ˈmɑːdʒɪnl; NAmE ˈmɑːrdʒɪnl [usually before noun] (especially BrE) (in politics) won or lost by a very small number of votes in the last election and therefore very important or interesting politically （议席或选区）边缘的，游离的（以微弱票数决定成败）◆Their campaign targeted marginal constituencies.他们的竞选活动针对边缘选区。◆They risk losing key marginal seats at the next election.他们有失去下次选举关键边缘席位的风险。OPP safe ⓘ In British politics a safe seat is a constituency where a particular party has a lot of support and is unlikely to be defeated in an election. 在英国政治中，safe seat指某政党稳操胜券的选区。■ ˌhard-ˈfought (of a contest or competition) that involves both sides fighting very hard to win （比赛）竞争激烈的◆It was a lively and hard-fought match.这是一场气氛热烈、竞争激烈的比赛。◆It was a hard-fought game.这是一场激烈的比赛。■ ˌneck and ˈneck

idiom

level with sb in a race or competition （速度比赛或竞赛中）势均力敌，不分上下，平手◆The cyclists were neck and neck as they approached the final lap.自行车运动员在接近最后一圈时战况激烈。◆He was running neck and neck with his Democrat rival.他和他的民主党竞争对手势均力敌。close1 kləʊz; NAmE kloʊz

verb

 close a door/your eyes/a book 关门；闭眼；合上书a factory closes/close a factory 工厂倒闭；关闭工厂close ♦︎ shut ♦︎ lock ♦︎ slam ♦︎ draw ♦︎ boltThese words all mean to put sth such as a door into a position so that it covers an opening, or to move the parts of sth together so that it is no longer open. 这些词均表示关上、合上、合拢。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆to close / shut / lock / slam / bolt a door / gate◆to close / shut / lock a window / drawer / case / suitcase◆to close / shut / slam a shutter◆to close / shut / bolt a hatch◆to close / shut a / an / your box / lid / eyes / mouth / flap / valve / book / umbrella◆to close / draw the curtains / blinds◆a door / gate closes / shuts / slams◆sb's eyes close / shut◆to hear sth close / shut / slam◆to close / shut / lock / slam / bolt sth behind you◆to close / shut / lock / bolt sth firmly◆to close / shut sth tightly◆to half / partly close / shut / draw sth■ close kləʊz; NAmE kloʊz [transitive, intransitive] to put sth such as a door, window or lid into a position so that it covers an opening; to get into this position; to move the parts of sth together so that it is no longer open 关；关闭；合上；合拢◆She closed the gate behind her.她关上了身后的大门。◆She closed her eyes and fell asleep immediately.她闭上眼睛，立刻就睡着了。◆The doors open and close automatically.这些门自动开关。OPP open ⓘ The opposite is open. * close的反义词是open◆She opened her bag and took out her passport.她打开包拿出了她的护照。◆The door opened and Alan walked in.门打开了，艾伦走了进来。 ■ shut (shutting, shut, shut) [transitive, intransitive] to make sth close; to become closed 关闭；关上；合上◆I can't shut my suitcase－it's too full.我的手提箱合不上－装得太满了。◆I shut my eyes against the bright light.我闭上眼睛，以防强光照射。◆He shut his book and looked up.他合上书，抬起头来。◆The window won't shut.窗户关不上。OPP open NOTE 辨析 Close or shut?You can use close and shut with the same range of nouns, but shut is used more often for containers such as boxes and suitcases. Shut is often used to talk about sudden actions, and can suggest more noise. Close often suggests doing things more slowly or gently. * close和shut可接的名词范围相同，但shut更多用于容器，如 box和suitcase。shut的动作一般较突然，声音可能更大；相比之下，close的动作较为缓慢和轻柔◆Close your eyes and go to sleep.闭上眼睛睡觉。◆She quietly closed the window and crept out of the room.她轻轻关上窗户，悄悄走出了房间。 ■ lock [transitive, intransitive] to close sth firmly so that it will not open, using a lock; to be able to be closed firmly in this way; to put sth in a safe place and lock it （用锁）锁上；被锁住；把⋯锁起来◆The gates are locked at 6 o'clock.6点钟锁大门。◆This suitcase doesn't lock.这手提箱锁不上。◆She locked her passport and money in the safe.她把自己的护照和钱锁在了保险柜里。ⓘ A lock is a device that keeps a door, window, lid, etc. shut, usually needing a key to open it. * lock可作名词，指锁。 OPP unlock ⓘ To unlock sth is to undo the lock of a door, window, etc. using a key. * unlock指用钥匙开锁。■ slam (-mm-) [intransitive, transitive] to shut, or to make sth shut, with a lot of force, making a loud noise （使⋯）砰地关上◆I heard the door slam behind him.我听见他砰地把身后的门关上了。◆He stormed out of the house, slamming the door as he left.他怒气冲冲地从房子里出来，把门砰地关上了。  see also slam ⇨ crash ▸ slam

noun

 [countable, usually singular] ◆The front door closed with a slam.前门猛地关上了。◆She gave the door a good hard slam.她使劲砰的一声关上了门。■ draw (drew, drawn) [transitive] to close or open curtains or blinds 拉（窗帘或卷帘）◆Draw the curtains－it's dark outside.拉上窗帘吧，外面天黑了。◆She drew back the curtains and let the sunlight in.她拉开窗帘让阳光照进来。■ bolt [transitive, intransitive] to lock a door or window by sliding a bolt across; to be able to be locked in this way 用插销闩上；能被闩上◆Don't forget to bolt the door.别忘了闩门。◆The gate bolts on the inside.这扇门从里面上闩。ⓘ A bolt is a long, narrow piece of metal that you slide across the inside of a door or window in order to lock it. * bolt可作名词，指门窗的闩或插销。close2 kləʊz; NAmE kloʊz

verb

 close a door/your eyes/a book 关门；闭眼；合上书a factory closes/close a factory 工厂倒闭；关闭工厂close ♦︎ cease trading ♦︎ fail ♦︎ close (sth) down ♦︎ collapse ♦︎ go bust ♦︎ crash ♦︎ go bankrupt ♦︎ fold ♦︎ flopThese are all words that can be used when a business stops operating, often because it does not have enough money to pay the bills and cannot borrow any more. 这些词均表示停业、倒闭、破产。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆a firm / company closes / ceases trading / fails / closes down / collapses / goes bust / crashes / goes bankrupt / folds◆a business closes / ceases trading / fails / closes down / collapses / goes bust / crashes / folds◆an industry closes down / collapses◆a person goes bust / goes bankrupt◆a / an factory / newspaper / operation / shop closes / closes down◆shares / prices / markets collapse / crash◆a show / play closes / folds / flops◆to suddenly close / close down / collapse / fold■ close [intransitive, transitive](of a business, service or show) to stop operating; to cause a business, service or show to stop operating （企业、服务或演出）停止运作；停业；关闭◆The hospital closed at the end of last year.这家医院去年年底关闭了。◆The play closed after just three nights.这部剧仅上演了三个晚上就停演了。◆The club was closed by the police.那家俱乐部被警方查封了。◆They are closing their Liverpool factory.他们将关闭利物浦的工厂。OPP open ⓘ When a business, service or show opens it starts business or starts playing to the public for the first time. * open指企业开业、服务行业开始营业或演出首次登场◆The show opened to great reviews.首演好评如潮。◆The company opened its doors for business a month ago.那家公司一个月前开业。 ▸ closure ˈkləʊʒə(r); NAmE ˈkloʊʒər

noun

 [countable, uncountable] ◆factory closures工厂倒闭◆The hospital has been threatened with closure.这家医院已经面临关闭的威胁。■ ˌcease ˈtrading

phrase

 (formal, business 商业) (of a business) to stop operating （企业）停业◆A leading travel firm has ceased trading with the loss of a number of jobs.一家大旅行社已经停业，好些人丢了工作。■ fail [intransitive](of a business) to be unable to continue operating （企业）倒闭，破产◆More banks failed as people rushed to withdraw their money.由于人们争相挤兑，更多银行倒闭了。▸ failure

noun

 [countable, uncountable] ◆There has been an alarming increase in business failures.企业倒闭数字的上升令人担忧。■ ˌclose ˈdown■ ˌclose sth ˈdown

phrasal verb

(of a business or service) to stop operating; to cause a business or service to stop operating （使）停业；关闭；倒闭◆Companies were closing down or reducing their workforce.公司纷纷倒闭或裁员。◆Banks are closing down their smaller branches.各银行将关闭较小的分行。OPP open (sth) up ⓘ When a business or service opens up it starts operating; to open sth up is to start a new business or service. * open up指企业或服务行业开始运作，open sth up指开展新的业务或服务◆There's a new Thai restaurant opening up in town.城里新开了一家泰国菜餐厅。 NOTE 辨析 Close or close down?There is not much difference in meaning between these words. Both can be used to talk about either a business or service; close but not close down can also be used to talk about a play or show. 两者意思上没有太大差别，均可用于企业或服务行业。close可用于戏剧或演出，但 close down不可以◆The play closed down after just three nights. ■ collapse [intransitive](of a business, prices, a market or an economy) to lose all or most of its value （企业）倒闭；（价格）暴跌；（市场）萧条；（经济）崩溃◆Share prices collapsed after news of poor trading figures.成交量不佳的消息使股价暴跌。◆The region's economy has virtually collapsed.该地区的经济实际上已经崩溃。▸ collapse

noun

 [countable, usually singular] ◆the collapse of share prices / the dollar / the market股价／美元的暴跌；市场大萧条■ go ˈbust

idiom

(goes, went, gone) (informal) (of a business or the person running it) to be unable to continue operating because there is no money （企业或其经营者）破产◆We lost our deposit when the travel company went bust.旅行社破产，我们的订金都赔了进去。■ crash [intransitive] (rather informal) (of a business, market or prices) to lose all or most of its value suddenly （企业、市场或价格突然）贬值，倒闭，失败；暴跌◆Share prices crashed to an all-time low yesterday.股价昨天暴跌到了历史最低点。▸ crash

noun

 [countable] ◆the 1929 stock market crash1929年的股市暴跌NOTE 辨析 Collapse or crash?There is not much difference in meaning between these words. An economy can collapse but not crash. Crash is slightly more informal and suggests an even more sudden event. 这两个词意思没有太大差别。economy可以和collapse搭配，但不可以和crash搭配。crash稍显不正式，更强调突发性。■ go ˈbankrupt

phrase

(goes, went, gone)(of a person or company) to stop running a business because you do not have enough money to pay what you owe; (of a person) to ask a judge in court to officially say that you cannot pay your debts and are not allowed to borrow money （人或公司）破产；（人）申请破产◆Unfortunately the firm went bankrupt before the work was completed.不幸的是，这家公司在工程完成之前破产了。◆I have thousands of pounds of debt which I can't afford to pay back and am thinking of going bankrupt.我有数千英镑的债务还不上，正在考虑申请破产。■ fold [intransitive] (rather informal) (of a business, organization or show) to close because it is no longer successful （企业或组织）倒闭；（演出）结束，停演◆His business folded and his wife left him.他生意失败，妻子也离开了他。◆The musical folded after 16 performances.那部音乐剧演了16场后停演了。◆Her fan club has folded.她的追星族俱乐部关闭了。■ flop (-pp-) [intransitive] (rather informal) (of a film, show, product or project) to be a failure, especially because it is not popular （电影、演出、产品或项目）失败，不成功（尤指因不受大众欢迎）◆The play flopped on Broadway.这出戏在百老汇砸了锅。◆Many of his ambitious schemes have flopped in the past.过去他的许多雄心大计都失败了。   see also flop ⇨ disaster noun

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